NARRATION
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DIRECT SPEECH
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INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
|
REPORTING VERB
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REPORTING
SPEECH
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Rahul told
Rahim that he was fine.
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Rahul said to Rahim,
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“I am fine”
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**COMMON
CHANGE** :
(i)
Reporting Verb f¢lhaÑe Lla qh Hhw kb¡ka Linker hÉhq¡l Lla qh
z
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SENTENCE
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REPORTING VERB
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LINKER
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||
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1.
ASSERTIVE
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say/said
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say/said
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that
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|
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say
to/said to
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tell/told
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|||
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2.
INTERROGATIVE
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ask
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if
/ wh-word
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||
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3.
IMPERATIVE
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order(Bcn)/request(Ae¤l¡d)/command (fËn¡o¢eLBcn)/beg(¢ir¡Q¡Ju¡)/advise(Efcn)/ pray (fË¡bÑZ¡)/warn(paLÑ Ll¡)/forbid(¢eod Ll¡)/entreat(Ae¤eu Ll¡)/propose (fËÙ¹¡h cJu¡)
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to
/ that
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||
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4.
OPTATIVE
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wish
/ pray
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that
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||
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5.
EXCLAMATORY
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Exclaim
(with sorrow / with regret / in joy / with surprise )
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that
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||
BY RAFIKUL DALDAR, BIRAMNAGAR
(ii)
Reporting Verb Hl
Tense Ae¤k¡u£ Reporting Speech Hl Tense f¢lhaÑe Lla
qh z
>>Bbɡv Reporting
Verb ¢V k¢c Past Tense H b¡L ah Reporting Speech Hl Tense Hl f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z
>>AeÉb¡ Reporting
Verb ¢V k¢c Present /
Future H b¡L ah Reporting Speech Hl Tense Hl L¡e¡ f¢lhaÑe qh e¡ z
>>HR¡s¡J k¢c Reporting Speech ¢V ¢Ql¿¹lpaÉ,
AiÉ¡pNa L¡S Hhw I¢aq¡¢pL OVe¡ h¡T¡u a¡qm Reporting Speech Hl Tense Hl L¡e¡ f¢lhaÑe qh e¡ z
kb¡ -
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DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
1.
Present Indefinite Tense/Simple
Present
(am/is/are)
(am/is/are + v3)
( v1 )
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1.Past
Indefinite Tense/Simple Past
(was/were)
(was/were +
v3)
( v2
)
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2. Present
Continuous Tense
(am/is/are
+ v1 + ing )
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2.Past Continuous Tense
(was/were + v1
+ ing )
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3. Present
Perfect Tense
( Have/has
)
( Have/has
+ v3 )
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3.Past
Perfect Tense
( had )
( had + v3 )
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4. Present
Perfect Continuous Tense
(have/has + v1 + ing
)
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4.Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
(had
+ v1 + ing )
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5. Past
Indefinite Tense/Simple Past
(was/were)
(was/were +
v3)
( v2
)
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5.Past
Perfect Tense
( had + been)
( had + been + v3 )
( had + v3 )
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|
6. Past
Continuous Tense
(was/were + v1
+ ing )
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6.Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
(had + been + v1 +
ing )
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7. Past
Perfect Tense
( had )
( had + v3 )
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7.Past Perfect Tense
( had )
( had + v3 )
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8.
Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
(had + v1 +
ing )
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8.Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
(had + v1 +
ing )
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9.
Shall
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Should
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10. Will
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Would
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11. Can
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Could
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12. May
|
Might
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13. Have
to
|
Had to
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14. Use
to
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Used to
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BY RAFIKUL DALDAR, BIRAMNAGAR
iii)
Sentences…¢mLJ f¢lhaÑe
Lla qh z
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DIRECT SPEECH
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INDIRECT
SPEECH
|
|
1.
ASSERTIVE
(Sub
+ Verb + Obj)
|
ASSERTIVE
(Sub
+ Verb + Obj)
|
|
2.
INTERROGATIVE
(Wh
+ Be V. + Sub + Verb + Obj + ?)
(Be
V. + Sub + Verb + Obj + ?)
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ASSERTIVE
(Sub
+ Verb + Obj)
(Sub
+ Verb + Obj)
|
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3.
IMPERATIVE
(To
+ Verb1 + Obj)
(Let
+ Obj + Verb1 )
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INFINITIVE / ASSERTIVE
(To
+ Verb1 + Obj)
(That
+ Sub + Should/Might + Be + Allowed + To + Verb1 + Obj )
|
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4.
OPTATIVE
(May
+ Sub + Verb + Obj)
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ASSERTIVE
(Sub
+May/Might + Verb + Obj)
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5.
EXCLAMATORY
(What
+ a + Adj + Noun + Sub + Be V. + !)
(How
+ Adj + Noun + Be V. + !)
(Exclamation
word + ! + Sub + Verb + Obj)
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ASSERTIVE
(Sub
+ Be V. + a + Very + Adj + Noun)
(Noun
+ Be V. + Very + Adj)
(Sub
+ Verb + Obj)
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iv)Pronoun- …¢ml f¢lhaÑe
Lla qh z kb¡ -
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DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
I
(Subject)
|
He
/ She
|
|
You
(Sub, Singular )
|
He
/ She
|
|
Me
(Object )
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Him
/ Her
|
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You
(Obj, Singular)
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Him
/ Her
|
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My
(Possessive)
|
His
/ Her
|
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Your
(Possessive)
|
His
/ Her
|
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We
(Sub)
|
They
|
|
You
(Sub, Plural)
|
They
|
|
Us
(Obj)
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Them
|
|
You
(Obj, Plural)
|
Them
|
|
Our
(Possessive)
|
Their
|
|
Your
(Possessive, Plural)
|
Their
|
v) ¢LR¥ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ
në k …¢mL f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z kb¡ -
|
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
These
|
Those
|
|
Here
|
There
|
|
Now
|
Then
|
|
Ago
|
Before
|
|
Thus
|
So
|
|
Today
|
That
day
|
|
Tomorrow
|
The
next day
|
|
Yesterday
/ Last day
|
The
previous day
|
|
Last
night
|
The
previous night
|
|
Just
|
Then
|
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Last year
|
The year before
|
|
Hither
|
Thither
|
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Last
night
|
The
previous night
|
|
Come
|
Go
|
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Hence
|
Thence
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BY
RAFIKUL DALDAR, BIRAMNAGAR
A.
ASSERTIVE
SENTENCE :
(i)
Reporting Speech-¢V ‘Statement / Assertive’ pattern H b¡Lh z
(ii)
Reporting Verb ¢Vl HC l¦f f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z
|
say/said
|
say/said
|
|
say
to/said to
|
tell/told
|
(iii)
Linker ¢qp¡h
‘That’ hp z
B.
INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCE :
(i)
Reporting Speech-¢V ‘Interrogative / Question’ pattern H b¡Lh z
(ii)
Reporting Verb ¢Vl HC l¦f f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z
|
DIRECT
SPEECH
|
INDIRECT
SPEECH
|
|
Say
/ say to
|
ask
|
|
Said
/ said to
|
asked
|
(iii)
Linker ¢qp¡h ‘if’
hÉhq¡l Lla qh, ¢L¿¹¥ k¢c
Reporting Speech-¢V ‘Wh-word’ öl¦
qu ah pC ‘Wh-Word’ ¢V
C
Linker ¢qp¡h hp k¡h z
C.
IMPERATIVE
SENTENCE :
(i)
Reporting Verb ¢Vl HC l¦f f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z
|
DIRECT
SPEECH
|
INDIRECT
SPEECH
|
|
Say
/ say to
|
Order/request/command/beg/advise/pray/warn/forbid/entreat/propose
|
|
Said
/ said to
|
Ordered/requested/commanded/begged/
advised/prayed/warned/forbade/entreated/proposed
|
|
**
ah pjÙ¹ rœ ask/tell
hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡u z
|
|
(ii)
Linker ¢qp¡h ‘to’
hÉhq¡l Lla qh, ¢L¿¹¥ k¢c
Reporting Speech-¢V ‘let’ öl¦
qu ah Linker ¢qp¡h ‘that’ hp k¡h z
>>Reporting Verb Hl
f¢lhaÑ k¢c ‘Order’ hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu
a¡qm Reporting Speech-H Should
Hhw ‘Propose/Request
hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu a¡qm Might
hÉhq¡l Lla qh z
D.
OPTATIVE
SENTENCE:
(i)
Reporting Verb ¢Vl HC l¦f f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z
|
DIRECT
SPEECH
|
INDIRECT
SPEECH
|
|
Say(s)
/ say(s) to
|
wish(s)
/ pray(s)
|
|
Said
/ said to
|
wished
/ prayed
|
(ii)
Linker ¢qp¡h
‘That’ hp z
BY RAFIKUL DALDAR, BIRAMNAGAR
E.
EXCLAMATORY
SENTENCE :
(i)
Reporting Verb ¢Vl HC l¦f f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z
|
DIRECT
SPEECH
|
INDIRECT
SPEECH
|
|
Say(s)
/ say(s) to
|
Exclaim(s)
|
|
Said
/ said to
|
exclaimed
|
(ii)
Reporting Speech- Hl
i¡h Ae¤k¡u£ Exclaim- Hl p‰ in
joy, with sorrow, with regret, with surprise CaÉ¡¢c
hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu z
(iii)
Linker ¢qp¡h
‘That’ hp z
(iv)
How, What-
CaÉ¡¢cl f¢lhaÑ Very/Great
hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu z
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All The Best
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